Frequently Asked Questions...
How did the invention of guide dogs for the blind positively impact the lives of early 1900's Canadians?
And how did it negatively impact the lives of early 1900's Canadians?
It's for a history project at school. Thanks for the help!
Answer:
Guide dogs weren't "invented" in the early 1900's. They've been around for centuries. What changed was the formation of formal schools to train guide dogs to serve veterans of WWI blinded in their service.
I don't think there is a significant difference in the impact then versus now. There are other ways for a blind person to travel under their own power without a guide dog, specifically the white cane. The cane and the guide dog are very similar in the functions they perform. Key differences are:
1. the guide dog can identify not only obstacles below the waist, but obstacles above as well, such as low hanging branches.
2. the guide can offer suggestions for routes around obstacles. For example, if the dog sees it's more than a pothole and is an actual construction zone, he my suggest turning to a side street rather than walking around the obstacle. It is still always the blind handler's responsibility to make the final decision on which way to go, but a cane isn't going to offer suggestions.
3. the guide can indicate obstacles at a greater distance than the cane, and can anticipate moving obstacles.
4. the cane is better at identifying the shape and texture of an obstacle for identification.
5. the cane is much less expensive to keep and requires much less maintenance.
6. the cane takes up much less space. It can be stored in a closet when not in use.
Since use of a guide dog is a personal choice, it should have no negative impact on the blind person. It's either a good option for them, or it isn't. For most blind people, the white cane is a better choice. For some the guide dog is. They go through a lengthy and intense training period. It should be quite obvious to the person before they ever take the dog home whether it is a good choice for them.
As far as impact on other members of society, it should be minimal. A well behaved, well groomed guide should have little impact on those around him.
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Trent Consultants News Early Literacy, Reading Comics Is No Child's Play
Carol L. Tilley, a professor of library and information science at Illinois, says that comics are just as sophisticated as other forms of literature, and children benefit from reading them at least as much as they do from reading other types of books.
"A lot of the criticism of comics and comic books come from people who think that kids are just looking at the pictures and not putting them together with the words," Tilley said. "Some kids, yes. But you could easily make some of the same criticisms of picture books -- that kids are just looking at pictures, and not at the words."
Although they've long embraced picture books as appropriate children's literature, many adults -- even teachers and librarians who willingly add comics to their collections -- are too quick to dismiss the suitability of comics as texts for young readers, Tilley said.
"Any book can be good and any book can be bad, to some extent," she said. "It's up to the reader's personality and intellect. As a whole, comics are just another medium, another genre."
Critics would say that reading comics is actually a simplified version of reading that doesn't approach the complexity of "real" books, with their dense columns of words and relative lack of pictures. But Tilley argues that reading any work successfully, including comics, requires more than just assimilating text.
"The term 'comic' is somewhat pejorative and tends to denote the child-like and ephemeral, and it brings to mind the Sunday funnies that you used to line your birdcage," she said.
The term "graphic novel" is sometimes used to give comics a measure of respectability, Tilley said. But some artists, including Pulitzer-Prize winner Art Spiegelman, hate the term.
According to Tilley, even in the early 1900s, there were teachers who raised concerns about children reading comics -- that their content wasn't appropriate content for a children, and that it wasn't real literature.
And when the first comic books were published as omnibus collections of popular published comic strips in the mid-1930s, "the same concerns sprang up again from adults," Tilley said. "They claimed the texts weren't good texts because they used slang, there were misspellings, they used colloquialisms and that the pictures were of questionable merit."
Although commercial publishers of comics have yet to recapture children's imaginations, Tilley says that some librarians and teachers are increasingly discovering that comics can be used to support reading and instruction.
"In the last 15 years, we've seen some big changes. For instance, comic book publishers and distributors are showing up at library conferences and some review journals regularly evaluate graphic novels. That would have been unimaginable 20 years ago. So it has caught on, to some degree."
Public libraries collect comics and graphic novels much more than school libraries, primarily because of decreases in funding and emphasis on strong ties to the curriculum through No Child Left Behind.
"Comics tend to be omitted under those circumstances," Tilley said.
"There has been an increase in the number of comic book-type elements in books for younger children," Tilley said. "There's also a greater appreciation among both teachers and librarians for what comics and comic books can bring to the classroom. For example, the National Council of Teachers of English sponsors an instructional Web site called 'Read, Write, Think,' which has a lot of comics-related material. Instructional units like these would have been much more rare 10 years ago."
Tilley's research on comics was published recently in School Library Monthly. Adapted from materials provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Trent Consultants Psychology Clinic. Dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Trent Consultants has a variety of programs for parents who want to give their children a headstart in life. Trent Consultants website www.trentconsultants.org Email: childcare@trentconsultants.org
About the Author
Trent Consultants Psychology Clinic. Dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Trent Consultants has a variety of programs for parents who want to give their children a headstart in life. Trent Consultants website www.trentconsultants.org Email: childcare@trentconsultants.org
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